Air Pollution: What's the Smartest Post-2015 Target?

Air quality has improved dramatically in rich countries over the past century. Around 1880, when the air was worst in London, it is estimated that 9,000 people died each year from air pollution, about one of every seven deaths. Today, London air is cleaner than it has been since medieval times.

Yet, air pollution is still a huge problem, especially in the developing world. It kills 7 million people each year, or one of every eight deaths globally.

This is not, however, mostly the air pollution that we generally think about. The most deadly air pollution comes from inside people’s houses, because 2.8 billion people still use firewood, dung and coal for cooking and keeping warm, breathing polluted air inside their homes every day.

To people who don’t live under these conditions, it is hard to imagine how dirty the indoor air is. The World Health Organization points out that the outdoor air for instance Beijing, Delhi and Karachi is several times more polluted that the outdoor air in Berlin, London and Paris. But the typical indoor air in a developing country dwelling with an open fire is many times more polluted than Beijing, Delhi or Karachi. That is why indoor air pollution kills 4.3 million people each year, making it one of the world’s leading causes of death.

International Development Economist Bjorn Larsen has done a comprehensive study on air pollution and found both good – and less good – solutions.

The simplest solution is to replace inefficient, smoky stoves by more efficient, less smoky ones. Providing 1.4 billion people with such improved stoves would save almost 450,000 lives each year and avoid almost two and a half billion days of illness annually. Moreover, because the stoves are more efficient, they would on average save about 30% fuel, which translates into a savings of up to $57 per household per year, and at the same time make cooking more efficient providing valuable time savings. In total, the health and non-health benefits are estimated at about $52 billion per year.

What would it cost to make such a big improvement? In many parts of the world, an effective, improved stove costing just $30 is all that is needed to reduce indoor air pollution dramatically. The price is higher in some parts because of particular needs; in China, heating is needed as well as cooking, so the cost of an effective, improved stove rises to somewhat over a hundred dollars. Nevertheless, providing improved stoves for 50% of those cooking on unhealthy, smoky, traditional ones would cost about $5 billion per year.

So for every dollar spent better stoves would do $10 worth of good. This gives us an excellent opportunity to compare this target for air pollution with all the other worthy targets proposed for the next 15 years.

However, helping 1.4 billion people with better stoves doesn’t solve the problem. Another 1.4 billion are still cooking with unimproved stoves, and even improved stoves still cause more pollution than found in most cities. Moreover, some of the smoke from these improved stoves reaches outside so there is still pollution within the community.

A much cleaner solution is to get everyone to use gas. This would save 2.3 million deaths each year and avoid 13 billion days of illness, leading to more than twice the benefits. But unfortunately, gas stoves are more expensive and gas can cost about two hundred dollars each year per household, so the costs are more than ten-fold higher. Even so, for every dollar spent, we would do two dollars of benefits, a respectable, but not nearly as good target. However, as the developing world gets richer a move to gas and eventually electricity will be both affordable and have obvious health benefits.

Reducing outdoor air pollution turns out to be much more costly. Better cooking stoves and a transition to gas and electricity is an effective use of money that will also help reduce outdoor air pollution. But trying to reduce outdoor pollution with low-sulphur diesel or with filters on cars generally turn out to be too expensive. While benefits could reach $130 billion annually, the costs could exceed $300 billion per year.

Air pollution is one of the world’s biggest and often overlooked challenges. And now we know that one of the best targets for the next 15 years is to get better stoves to 1.4 billion people, saving almost half a million lives each year.

You can read all of the reports at post2015consensus.com/air-pollution

Here, Copenhagen Consensus Center has just released its research on Air Pollution targets for the post-2015 development agenda. Bjorn Larsen, independent economist, writes the main report, peer-reviewed in perspective papers by Marc Jeuland, Assistant Professor of Economics at Duke University and Mike Holland, independent economist. An additional viewpoint papers are provided by Katharina Stepping of German Development Institute and Clean Air Asia.